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ORACLE RAC Interview Questions for freshers experienced :-

1. What is cache fusion?

In a RAC environment, it is the combining of data blocks, which are shipped across the interconnect from remote database caches (SGA) to the local node, in order to fulfill the reuirements for a transaction (DML, uery of Data Dictionary).

2. What is split brain?

When database nodes in a cluster are unable to communicate with each other, they may continue to process and modify the data blocks independently. If the
same block is modified by more than one instance, synchronization/locking of the data blocks does not take place and blocks may be overwritten by others in the cluster. This state is called split brain.

3. What is the difference between Crash recovery and Instance recovery?

When an instance crashes in a single node database on startup a crash recovery takes place. In a RAC enviornment the same recovery for an instance is performed by the surviving nodes called Instance recovery.

4. What is the interconnect used for?

It is a private network which is used to ship data blocks from one instance to another for cache fusion. The physical data blocks as well as data dictionary blocks are shared across this interconnect.

5. How do you determine what protocol is being used for Interconnect traffic?

One of the ways is to look at the database alert log for the time period when the database was started up.

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6. What methods are available to keep the time synchronized on all nodes in the cluster?

Either the Network Time Protocol(NTP) can be configured or in 11gr2, Cluster Time Synchronization Service (CTSS) can be used.

7. What files components in RAC must reside on shared storage?

Spfiles, ControlFiles, Datafiles and Redolog files should be created on shared storage.

8. Where does the Clusterware write when there is a network or Storage missed heartbeat?

The network ping failure is written in $CRS_HOME/log

9. How do you find out what OCR backups are available?

The ocrconfig -showbackup can be run to find out the automatic and manually run backups.

10. If your OCR is corrupted what options do have to resolve this?

You can use either the logical or the physical OCR backup copy to restore the Repository.

11. How do you find out what object has its blocks being shipped across the instance the most?

You can use the dba_hist_seg_stats.

12. What is a VIP in RAC use for?

The VIP is an alternate Virtual IP address assigned to each node in a cluster. During a node failure the VIP of the failed node moves to the surviving node and relays to the application that the node has gone down. Without VIP, the application will wait for TCP timeout and then find out that the session is no longer live due to the failure.

13. How do we know which database instances are part of a RAC cluster?

You can uery the V$ACTIVE_INSTANCES view to determine the member instances of the RAC cluster.

14. What is OCLUMON used for in a cluster environment?

The Cluster Health Monitor (CHM) stores operating system metrics in the CHM repository for all nodes in a RAC cluster. It stores information on CPU, memory, process, network and other OS data, This information can later be retrieved and used to troubleshoot and identify any cluster related issues. It is a default component of the 11gr2 grid install. The data is stored in the master repository and replicated to a standby repository on a different node.

15. What would be the possible performance impact in a cluster if a less powerful node (e.g. slower CPU's) is added to the cluster?

All processing will show down to the CPU speed of the slowest server.

16. What is the purpose of OLR?

Oracle Local repository contains information that allows the cluster processes to be started up with the OCR being in the ASM storage ssytem. Since the ASM file system is unavailable until the Grid processes are started up a local copy of the contents of the OCR is reuired which is stored in the OLR.

17. What is the default memory allocation for ASM?

In 10g the default SGA size is 1G in 11g it is set to 256M and in 12c ASM it is set back to 1G.

18. How do you backup ASM Metadata?

You can use md_backup to restore the ASM diskgroup configuration in-case of ASM diskgroup storage loss.

19. What files can be stored in the ASM diskgroup?

In 11g the following files can be stored in ASM diskgroups.

Datafiles
Redo logfiles
Spfiles

In 12c the files below can also new be stored in the ASM Diskgroup

Password file

20. What it the ASM POWER_LIMIT?

This is the parameter which controls the number of Allocation units the ASM instance will try to rebalance at any given time. In ASM versions less than 11.2.0.3 the default value is 11 however it has been changed to unlimited in later versions.

21. What is a rolling upgrade?

A patch is considered a rolling if it is can be applied to the cluster binaries without having to shutting down the database in a RAC environment. All nodes in the cluster are patched in a rolling manner, one by one, with only the node which is being patched unavailable while all other instance open.

22. What are some of the RAC specific parameters?

Some of the RAC parameters are:

CLUSTER_DATABASE
CLUSTER_DATABASE_INSTANCE
INSTANCE_TYPE (RDBMS or ASM)
ACTIVE_INSTANCE_COUNT
UNDO_MANAGEMENT

23. What is the future of the Oracle Grid?

The Grid software is becoming more and more capable of not just supporting HA for Oracle Databases but also other applications including Oracle's applications. With 12c there are more features and functionality built-in and it is easier to deploy these pre-built solutions, available for common Oracle applications.

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24. What components of the Grid should I back up?

The backups should include OLR, OCR and ASM Metadata.

25. Is there an easy way to verify the inventory for all remote nodes

You can run the OPATCH LSINVENTORY -ALL_NODES command from a single node to look at the inventory details for all nodes in the cluster.

26. If I am using Vendor Clusterware such as Veritas, IBM, Sun or HP, do I still need Oracle Clusterware to run Oracle RAC 10g?
Yes. When certified, you can use Vendor Clusterware however you must still install and use Oracle Clusterware for RAC. Best Practice is to leave Oracle Clusterware to manage RAC. For details see Metalink Note 332257.1 and for Veritas SFRAC see 397460.1.

27. Is RAC on VMWare supported?
Yes.

28. What is hangcheck timer used for ?
The hangcheck timer checks regularly the health of the system. If the system hangs or stop the node will be restarted automatically.
There are 2 key parameters for this module:

hangcheck-tick: this parameter defines the period of time between checks of system health. The default value is 60 seconds; Oracle recommends setting it to 30seconds.
hangcheck-margin: this defines the maximum hang delay that should be tolerated before hangcheck-timer resets the RAC node.

29. Is the hangcheck timer still needed with Oracle RAC 10g?
Yes.

30. What files can I put on Linux OCFS2?
For optimal performance, you should only put the following files on Linux OCFS2:

Datafiles
Control Files
Redo Logs
Archive Logs
Shared Configuration File (OCR)
Voting File
SPFILE

31. Is it possible to use ASM for the OCR and voting disk?
No, the OCR and voting disk must be on raw or CFS (cluster file system).

32. Can I change the name of my cluster after I have created it when I am using Oracle Clusterware?
No, you must properly uninstall Oracle Clusterware and then re-install.

33. What the O2CB is?
The O2CB is the OCFS2 cluster stack. OCFS2 includes some services. These services must be started before using OCFS2 (mount/ format the file systems).

34. What the OCR file is used for?
OCR is a file that manages the cluster and RAC configuration.

35. What the Voting Disk file is used for?
The voting disk is nothing but a file that contains and manages information of all the node memberships.

36. What is the recommended method to make backups of a RAC environment? RMAN to make backups of the database, dd to backup your voting disk and hard copies of the OCR file.

37. What command would you use to check the availability of the RAC system?
crs_stat -t -v (-t -v are optional)

38. What is the minimum number of instances you need to have in order to create a RAC?
You can create a RAC with just one server.

39. Name two specific RAC background processes
RAC processes are: LMON, LMDx, LMSn, LKCx and DIAG.

40. Can you have many database versions in the same RAC?
Yes, but Clusterware version must be greater than the greater database version.

41. What was RAC previous name before it was called RAC?OPS: Oracle Parallel Server

42. What RAC component is used for communication between instances?Private Interconnect.

43. What is the difference between normal views and RAC views?A RAC view has the prefix 'G'. For example, GV$SESSION instead of V$SESSION

44. Which command will we use to manage (stop, start) RAC services in command-line mode?
srvctl

45. How many alert logs exist in a RAC environment?
A- One for each instance.

46. What are Oracle Clusterware Components
Voting Disk — Oracle RAC uses the voting disk to manage cluster membership by way of a health check and arbitrates cluster ownership among the instances in case of network failures. The voting disk must reside on shared disk.
Oracle Cluster Registry (OCR) — Maintains cluster configuration information as well as configuration information about any cluster database within the cluster. The OCR must reside on shared disk that is accessible by all of the nodes in your cluster

47. How do you backup voting disk
#dd if=voting_disk_name of=backup_file_name

48. How do I identify the voting disk location
#crsctl query css votedisk

49. How do I identify the OCR file location
check /var/opt/oracle/ocr.loc or /etc/ocr.loc ( depends upon platform)
or
#ocrcheck

50. What is SCAN?
Single Client Access Name (SCAN) is s a new Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC) 11g Release 2 feature that provides a single name for clients to access an Oracle Database running in a cluster. The benefit is clients using SCAN do not need to change if you add or remove nodes in the cluster.